完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Text
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who
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in World War II and the people they liberated, the G.I. was the
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man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who
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all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the
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of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid,
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an average guy, up
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the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies in centuries.
His name isn’t much. G.I. is just a military abbreviation
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Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles
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to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never
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it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac…a working class name. The United States has
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had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G.I. Joe had a
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career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a
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of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle
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portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the
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side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were
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or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports
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the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Mauldin. Both men
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the dirt and exhaustion of war, the
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of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.
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Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,
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the most important person in their lives.
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 1 题空格所在句为：
To the men and women who ______ in World War II and the people they liberated…
- A. served 意为“服役，参加（军队）”，符合语境，指在二战中服役的男男女女。
- B. performed 意为“表演，执行”，但“perform in the war”不常用，且不如“served”贴合“在军队服役”的意思。
- C. rebelled 意为“反叛”，与文意不符，因为这里说的是二战中的美国军人。
- D. betrayed 意为“背叛”，明显与文意相反。
因此，A. served 是正确选项。
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2
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B好的，我们先看第 2 题的上下文。
原文：
To the men and women who ___ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G.I. was the ___ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who …
这里说 G.I. Joe 是 ___ man grown into hero，后面接着举例“贫苦农家子弟被迫离家”等，说明他本来是个普通人，后来成长为英雄。
选项：
A. actual（实际的）
B. common（普通的）
C. special（特殊的）
D. normal（正常的）
从语境看，这里强调他不是天生的英雄，而是“普通人成长为英雄”，强调平凡出身。
common man 是英语中常见表达，意为“平民、普通人”，符合“平民英雄”的语义。
normal 虽然也有“正常”的意思，但 normal man 更偏向“心智或状态正常”，不强调“平民、大众”这一社会阶层含义。
而 common man 是固定搭配，尤其在美国文化中指“普通老百姓”。
因此选 B. common。
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 3 题所在的句子是：
the guy who ___ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the ___ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.
这里描述的是 G.I. Joe 在二战中承担了战斗的重担。
- A. loaded 虽然可以表示“装载”，但“load the burdens”搭配不自然，一般说“bear the burden”（承担负担）。
- B. eased（减轻）与句意相反，士兵是承受负担，不是减轻负担。
- C. removed（移除）同样与语境不符，战争中的士兵不可能移除所有战斗负担。
- D. bore（bear 的过去式，意为“承担、忍受”）是固定搭配“bear the burden”，符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. bore。
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4
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 4 题空格所在句为：
the guy who … went without the ___ of food and shelter
- A. necessities（必需品）
“food and shelter” 是生存必需的，所以 “necessities of food and shelter” 表示“食物和住所这些必需品”，符合语境。 - B. facilities（设施、设备）
通常指建筑物、设备等，不与 “food and shelter” 搭配。 - C. commodities（商品）
虽然食物可视为商品，但这里强调生存必需，不是强调商品交换属性。 - D. properties（财产、属性）
不符合“食物和住所”的语义搭配。
这里意思是“缺乏食物和住所这些必需品”，因此 A. necessities 正确。
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
句子结构分析
原文是：
This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, ______ an average guy, up ______ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies in centuries.
前半部分说“这不是志愿兵，也不是高薪的人”，后面说“______ 一个普通人，起来对抗几个世纪以来训练最好、装备最精良、最凶猛、最残忍的敌人”。
逻辑关系判断
前半部分否定“志愿兵”和“高薪的人”，后面说“普通人”，显然是一种转折对比关系——他不是志愿兵、不是高薪的人，而是一个普通人。
英语中 “not…, not…, but…” 是常见结构，表示“不是……，不是……，而是……”。
选项分析
- A. and（并列） → 前面是否定，后面是肯定，不是并列关系。
- B. nor（也不） → 前面已经有 not，后面用 nor 表示“也不是”，但这里语义不是继续否定，而是转折到肯定。
- C. but（而是） → 符合 “not…, but…” 结构，表达转折。
- D. hence（因此） → 因果关系不符合语境。
最终确定
根据句意和固定搭配，应选 C. but。
答案：C
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
理解句意
原文说：“这不是志愿兵，也不是高薪的人，而是一个普通人，起来 对抗 几个世纪以来训练最好、装备最精良、最凶猛、最残忍的敌人。”
这里的关键是“up ______ the best trained… enemies”，表示“起来面对/对抗敌人”。
固定搭配
“up against” 是一个固定短语，意思是“面临，对抗（困难、敌人等）”，尤其强调面对强大对手或不利局面。
例如：They’re up against a strong team.（他们面对一支强队。）
其他选项分析
- A. for：表示目的、原因，不符合“对抗敌人”的语义。
- B. into：表示进入某种状态，但“up into”不搭配且意思不通。
- C. from：表示来源，与“起来对抗”不符。
- D. against：与 up 搭配，表示“面对、对抗”，符合语境。
答案：D
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 7 题空格所在的句子是：
G.I. is just a military abbreviation ___ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles ___ to soldiers.
这里说的是 “G.I.” 是一个军事缩写的含义，它代表 “Government Issue”。
- A. implying 表示“暗示”，一般用于有隐含意义或间接表达的情况，而这里 G.I. 直接就是 “Government Issue” 的缩写，不是暗示，是直接含义。
- B. meaning 表示“意思是”，符合“缩写代表某个意思”的语境，是直接解释。
- C. symbolizing 表示“象征”，一般用于抽象或象征意义，而此处是字面含义，不是象征。
- D. claiming 表示“声称”，主语一般是人，且带有主观声明的意思，不符合缩写与全称的客观关系。
因此，B. meaning 是正确答案。
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8
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 8 题所在句子为：
G.I. is just a military abbreviation ___ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles ___ to soldiers.
空格处意思是“发放给士兵的所有物品上”都有这个字样。
- A. handed out 意为“分发”，尤其指分发物品给一群人，符合“发放军需品给士兵”的语境。
- B. turn over 意为“翻转；移交”，与物品发放不搭配。
- C. brought back 意为“带回”，语义不符。
- D. passed down 意为“传承（多指传统、知识等）”，不用于发放军用物资。
因此，A. handed out 是正确答案。
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C我们先看第 9 题的上下文：
And Joe? A common name for a guy who never ___ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name.
这里 “make it to the top” 是一个固定搭配，意思是“成功到达顶层/出人头地”。
- push it to the top 不搭配
- get it to the top 不常见
- manage it to the top 不搭配（manage to do sth 可以，但不说 manage it to the top）
make it 本身就是一个习语，表示“成功（做到某事）”，所以 “never made it to the top” 就是“从未出人头地”，符合语境。
因此正确答案是 C. made。
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 10 题空格所在的句子是：
The United States has
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had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
意思是：“美国 ______ 有过叫 Joe 的总统、副总统或国务卿。”
- 上文提到 Joe 是一个普通、常见的工人阶级名字，不是精英或高层的名字。
- 根据常识和历史事实，美国历史上确实没有叫 Joe 的总统、副总统或国务卿（Joe Biden 在本文写作时还未成为总统或副总统，该文出自 2012 年考研英语真题）。
- 因此这里要表示“从来没有”，用 never。
选项分析：
- A. ever 用于肯定句或疑问句，表示“曾经”，不符合语义。
- B. never 表示“从未”，符合句意。
- C. either 用于否定句的“也”，或两者选一，不符合。
- D. neither 表示“两者都不”，结构上也不匹配。
答案：B
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 11 题所在句子是：
G.I. Joe had a ______ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
四个选项为：
A. disguised（伪装的）
B. disturbed（被打扰的）
C. disputed（有争议的）
D. distinguished（杰出的，卓越的）
解题思路：
- 上下文语境：文章整体在赞扬 G.I. Joe 作为普通士兵的英勇和贡献，前文提到他承受了战争的重担、睡在冰冷的散兵坑、食物和住所匮乏，但仍坚持并击退纳粹统治，这些是正面的描述。
- 逻辑搭配：这里说 G.I. Joe 与德国、日本、朝鲜军队作战的生涯是 “______ career”，显然需要一个褒义词。
- 词义辨析：
- distinguished 意为“杰出的、卓越的”，符合“在战斗中表现突出”的含义。
- 其他选项：
- disguised career（伪装的生涯） → 不符合文意。
- disturbed career（受干扰的生涯） → 负面含义，与赞扬基调不符。
- disputed career（有争议的生涯） → 文中没有提到争议。
因此，正确答案是 D. distinguished，意为“G.I. Joe 在与德国、日本、朝鲜军队作战中有着卓越的生涯”。
答案：D
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 12 题空格所在的句子是：
He appears as a character, or a ______ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe…
这里要表达的意思是：G.I. Joe 在电影中是一个角色，或者是 许多美国个性的集合体。
- A. company 可以表示“一群人”，但通常指“陪伴”或“公司”，不强调“汇集、集合”之意。
- B. community 指“社区、群体”，强调有共同联系的一群人，但“a community of American personalities”不太自然，且不强调“集合体”这一概念。
- C. collection 意为“收集、集合”，a collection of American personalities 表示“美国各类人物的集合”，符合语境，说明 G.I. Joe 是许多美国士兵个性的代表。
- D. colony 意为“殖民地”或“群体（生物）”，与人格集合无关。
因此，C. collection 是正确答案。
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
上下文线索：
文中提到 Ernie Pyle 是一名战地记者（war correspondent）。战地记者的主要工作之一是 采访（interview） 士兵，了解他们的经历，然后写成报道。
语义搭配：
- A. employed（雇佣） → 不符合战地记者与士兵的关系。
- B. appointed（任命） → 与文意不符。
- C. interviewed（采访） → 符合战地记者的职业行为。
- D. questioned（审问、质问） → 带有怀疑或审问的意味，与报道士兵故事的情境不符。
后文提示：
下一句说 “Pyle was famous for covering the ___ side of the war”，说明他的报道关注士兵的个人故事，这通常是通过采访获得的。
因此，C. interviewed 最符合语境。
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第14题所在句子为：
Pyle was famous for covering the ______ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were gained or what towns were captured or liberated.
上下文线索：
- 厄尼·派尔（Ernie Pyle）是二战时期的著名战地记者，他的报道特点是关注普通士兵的日常生活和艰辛，而不是宏观的战况进展。
- 空格后紧接着解释：“writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers”（描写那些满身尘土、雪和泥浆的士兵），而不是关注占领了多少英里或攻占/解放了哪些城镇。
- 这说明他关注的是战争中人的、个体的、生活化的一面，而不是纯军事统计或战略。
选项分析：
- A. human（人性的、人的）—— 符合语境，强调战争中普通士兵的人性化经历。
- B. military（军事的）—— 与后文“不是关注推进了多少英里”矛盾，派尔不侧重纯军事层面。
- C. political（政治的）—— 上下文未涉及政治层面。
- D. ethical（伦理的）—— 与文意不符，派尔并非主要讨论战争伦理。
因此，正确答案是 A. human，即“战争中人性的一面”。
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 15 题所在句子是：
Pyle was famous for covering the ___ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were ___ or what towns were captured or liberated.
这里 Pyle 关注的是战争中普通士兵的艰苦生活，而不是战争的宏观进展。
“how many miles were ___” 显然是指军事推进的里程数，即“前进了多少英里”。
在军事语境中，“gain miles” 或 “gain ground” 是固定搭配，表示“推进、占领地盘”。
- A. ruined（毁坏）—— 不符合“里程”的语境。
- B. commuted（通勤）—— 与战争推进无关。
- C. patrolled（巡逻）—— 巡逻的里程不是战争报道中关注的推进成果。
- D. gained（获得、推进）—— 符合“gain miles”（推进了多少英里）的搭配，表示向前线推进的距离。
因此正确答案是 D. gained。
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 16 题所在句：
His reports ______ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Mauldin.
选项含义：
- A. paralleled（与…相似；与…平行）
- B. counteracted（抵消；对抗）
- C. duplicated（复制）
- D. contradicted（与…矛盾）
上下文逻辑：
前文说 Pyle 的报道关注战争的 dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers（普通士兵的艰苦生活），而不是军事推进的里程或占领的城镇。
后文说 Bill Mauldin 的漫画也描绘士兵的 dirt and exhaustion of war（泥泞与疲惫）。
由此可见，Pyle 的报道和 Mauldin 的漫画 主题相似、方向一致，而不是相互矛盾或抵消。
词义辨析：
- paralleled 可以表示“与…相似；与…对应”，符合语境。
- duplicated 是“复制”，语义过重，报道和漫画是不同媒介，不是复制关系。
- counteracted / contradicted 是相反关系，不符合文意。
因此选 A. paralleled。
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
上下文逻辑
文中提到 Pyle 的报道和 Bill Mauldin 的漫画都关注战争的“泥土与疲惫”（the dirt and exhaustion of war），以及士兵与平民共享的文明片段（coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep）。这些内容强调的是战争的真实、艰苦和人性化的一面，而不是忽略、避免或崇拜战争。
词语搭配与语义
- A. neglected（忽略）→ 与文意相反，他们正是关注这些方面。
- B. emphasized（强调）→ 符合语境，两人都“强调/突出”战争的这一面。
- C. avoided（避免）→ 不合逻辑，他们专门写这些内容，不是回避。
- D. admired（崇拜）→ 战争中的 dirt and exhaustion 不是被崇拜的对象，语义不当。
同义复现线索
前文提到 Pyle was famous for covering the human side of the war，即“人性的一面”，这与“emphasized the dirt and exhaustion…”相呼应，都是在强调战争中的普通人经历。
因此，B. emphasized 为正确答案。
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18
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 18 题空格所在的句子是：
Both men ___ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the ___ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.
1. 上下文逻辑
这里提到战争中的“泥土与疲惫”，以及士兵之间、士兵与平民之间共享的“文明的 ___”。冒号后面列举的是 coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep，这些都是文明生活的一些基本、零碎的享受，不是完整的文明，而是战争环境下残存的、偶尔能得到的“文明片段”。
2. 选项分析
- A. stages（阶段）—— 不符合，这里不是讲文明的发展阶段。
- B. illusions（幻觉）—— 咖啡、烟草等是真实的东西，不是幻觉。
- C. fragments（碎片、片段）—— 非常贴切，指在战争残酷环境中残存的少许文明痕迹。
- D. advances（进步、进展）—— 与语境不符，这里不是讲文明的进步。
3. 搭配与语义
“fragments of civilization” 是一个常见的文学化表达，意指在战争或灾难中尚存的点滴文明痕迹，正符合文中列举的几种物品和休息的瞬间。
因此，正确答案是 C. fragments。
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 19 题空格所在的句子是：
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Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,
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the most important person in their lives.
1. 句子结构分析
- 主语是 “G.I. Joe”，谓语是 “was any American soldier”。
- 空格后是 “Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries”，这是表示国家或地区的名词，在句中作状语，表示 “对……来说” 或 “在……看来”。
- 后文 “the most important person in their lives” 中的 “their” 指代这些国家的人民。
2. 选项含义与搭配
- A. With “和……一起；用” → 语义不符，不是“和这些国家一起”。
- B. To “对……而言” → 符合“在埃及、法国等国民众看来，G.I. Joe 就是任何一个美国兵”的语义。
- C. Among “在……之中” → 强调在多个国家内部，但这里不是说“在这些国家之中 G.I. Joe 是士兵”，而是“对这些国家的人民来说”。
- D. Beyond “超出” → 语义不符。
3. 上下文逻辑
前文提到 G.I. Joe 是普通士兵的代表，受到被解放国家人民的尊敬。
这里 “To Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries” 表示 “对这些国家的人民来说”，G.I. Joe 就是美国士兵的象征，甚至是他们生活中最重要的人。
4. 结论
只有 B. To 能准确表达“对……而言/在……看来”的意思，因此正确答案是 B。
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20
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 20 题空格前的句子是：
G.I. Joe was any American soldier, ___ the most important person in their lives.
这句话的意思是：
“G.I. Joe 就是任何一个美国士兵，在那一刻是他们生命中最重要的人。”
- A. on the contrary（相反）——逻辑不对，这里不是转折关系。
- B. by this means（通过这种方式）——上下文没有提到“通过这种方式成为最重要的人”。
- C. from the outset（从一开始）——与文意不符，因为并不是从战争一开始就是最重要的人，而是在被解放的人民遇到美国士兵的那一刻。
- D. at that point（在那个时候）——符合语境，指在那些被解放的人们眼中，美国士兵在当时就是他们生命中最重要的人。
结合前文提到的“被解放的人们”以及战争背景，at that point 最准确地表达了“在那一刻/在那个时间点”的含义，因此正确答案是 D。
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阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing
,
,
or
. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, LA. Unied has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district find homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does contribute to student achievement, the homework should be assigned, and teachers should be paid to review and correct it.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for LA Unified to do homework right.
21
It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
题目要求找出第一段中关于“家庭作业”的隐含信息。
第一段原文关键信息：
- “Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.”
- 意思是：家庭作业从未受到学生和家长的欢迎，但近年来尤其受到鄙视。
- “School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual.”
- 意思是：全国各地的学区，尤其是洛杉矶联合学区，正在重新审视这一教育惯例。
选项分析：
- A. is receiving more criticism（受到更多批评）
与原文“particularly scorned”（尤其受到鄙视）对应，说明近年来对家庭作业的负面评价增多，符合隐含信息。 - B. is no longer an educational ritual（不再是教育惯例）
原文说学区在“revising their thinking”（重新思考这一惯例），但并未说它不再是惯例，因此错误。 - C. is not required for advanced courses（高级课程不要求）
原文提到“with the exception of some advanced courses”（除了一些高级课程外），说明高级课程可能不受限制，但并未说高级课程不要求作业，因此错误。 - D. is gaining more preferences（更受欢迎）
与原文“particularly scorned”相反，因此错误。
结论：第一段暗示家庭作业近年来受到更多批评，因此正确答案是 A。
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22
L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
题干定位：题目问的是“洛杉矶学区制定关于家庭作业的规定，主要是因为贫困学生……”。
原文中直接提到制定该规则的原因是在第二段开头：
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.
（这条规则旨在解决来自贫困或混乱家庭的学生在完成家庭作业时可能遇到的困难。）
选项比对：
- A：说贫困学生往往对教育的期望适中——原文未提及。
- B：说贫困学生要求不同的教育标准——原文未提及是他们要求，而是学区主动调整。
- C：说贫困学生可能在完成作业方面有困难——与原文意思一致。
- D：说贫困学生对作业表达了抱怨——原文未直接说明是他们的抱怨导致规则出台。
结论：
原文明确表示该政策是为了解决贫困学生完成作业的困难，因此正确选项是 C。
答案：C
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23
According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D让我们先定位到原文第三段：
But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.
这句话的意思是：因为作业占成绩的比例不超过 10%，学生可以轻易地跳过一半作业，而在成绩单上看不出明显差别。
这直接说明政策可能导致学生不做作业，因为不做作业对成绩影响很小。
选项分析：
- A：说“导致学生对成绩单漠不关心”，文中没有说学生不关心成绩单，而是说成绩单上差别不大，所以不做作业。
- B：说“削弱州考试的权威性”，文中没有讨论州考试的权威问题。
- C：说“限制教师的教育权力”，虽然前面提到政策没有授权教师去灵活处理，但这里问的是“一个问题”，而第三段强调的问题是学生可以不做作业。
- D：说“阻碍学生做作业”，与原文“学生可以轻易跳过一半作业”对应，因此正确。
答案：D
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24
As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目问的是第 4 段中提到的关于家庭作业的一个未解决的关键问题是什么。
第 4 段原文指出：
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does contribute to student achievement, the homework should be assigned, and teachers should be paid to review and correct it.
这段话的核心是：
- 政策没有回答“家庭作业到底对学业成就有没有帮助”这个棘手问题。
- 如果认为不重要，就应减少或取消，而不是只让它在成绩中占比很小。
- 如果重要，就应布置并让老师批改。
所以，这个 key question 就是 homework 是否对学业成就有重要作用，也就是 it counts much in schooling（在学校教育中是否重要）。
选项分析：
- A. it should be eliminated（是否应该取消）—— 这只是两种可能性之一，不是核心问题本身。
- B. it counts much in schooling（它在学校教育中是否重要）—— 对应原文 “homework to be unimportant” 与 “does contribute to student achievement” 的对比，正确。
- C. it places extra burdens on teachers（是否给老师增加额外负担）—— 原文未将此作为核心未解问题。
- D. it is important for grades（对成绩是否重要）—— 虽然与成绩占比有关，但第 4 段强调的是对 academic achievement（学业成就）的作用，不是仅仅成绩单上的分数。
因此正确答案是 B。
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25
A suitable title for this text could be
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A好的，我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 A. A Faulty Approach to Homework。
1. 文章主旨分析
- 第一段：指出家庭作业近年受到批评，洛杉矶学区（LA Unified）出台了一项新政策，规定作业分数最多占学业成绩的 10%。
- 第二段：该政策本意是帮助家境困难的学生，但政策本身不清晰且自相矛盾，可能暗示“对贫困孩子要降低标准”。
- 第三段：尽管教师仍可布置作业，但权重很低，学生可能不做作业而成绩不受影响，这剥夺了教师因材施教的灵活性。
- 第四段：政策没有真正解决作业的核心争议——要么认为作业无用就应取消，要么认为有用就应保留并认真批改。
- 第五段：建议暂停该政策，重新研究并举行听证会。
全文核心：批评 LA Unified 的作业政策有缺陷。
2. 选项分析
A. A Faulty Approach to Homework
“对作业的一种错误处理方法” —— 与全文主旨一致，作者认为该政策有缺陷。
B. A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
“受贫困学生欢迎的政策” —— 文中没有说它受欢迎，作者是批评态度。
C. Thorny Questions about Homework
“关于作业的棘手问题” —— 文中提到这些问题，但主旨不是单纯讨论问题，而是批评当前政策没解决这些问题。
D. Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
“对一项教育政策的错误解读” —— 文章不是主要讲别人误解政策，而是政策本身制定得不好。
3. 结论
作者认为该政策思路错误、执行僵硬、没有解决根本问题，因此 A 最贴切。
最终答案：A
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Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls’ not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls lives and interest.
Girls’attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti an associate professor of American Studies, it’s not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matte, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimation of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into is own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler, I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a third “stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences- or invent them where they did not previously exist.
26
By saying “it is…The rainbow”(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
定位原文
第一段提到：
It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance.
这句话的意思是：粉色本身并不坏，但它只是彩虹的一小部分（a tiny slice of the rainbow），虽然它可能在某方面赞美了女孩时期，但它也反复而牢固地将女孩的身份与外表联系在一起。
理解比喻
“a tiny slice of the rainbow” 是一个比喻，rainbow 代表多样性、丰富性，而 pink 只是其中一小部分。
作者想表达：女孩的世界应该丰富多彩，不应只用粉色来代表或定义。
结合选项
- A 项：粉色不能解释女孩缺乏想象力 → 文中未直接说粉色导致缺乏想象力，而是说人们对女孩生活和兴趣缺乏想象力。
- B 项：粉色不应与女孩的天真关联 → 文中提到粉色被用来表现天真，但这不是这句话的核心含义。
- C 项：粉色不应是女孩时期的唯一代表 → 这与“只是彩虹的一小部分”含义一致，即女孩时期不应只用粉色来象征。
- D 项：粉色不能影响女孩的生活和兴趣 → 文中其实说粉色确实影响了，只是作者认为这种单一化不好。
确定答案
作者强调的是 pink 只是女孩世界的一小部分，不应成为全部代表，因此 C 项正确。
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27
According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true?
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目要求根据第二段判断哪个选项正确。第二段主要讲述了颜色与性别关联的历史变化。
选项分析：
A. Colors are encoded in girls’ DNA
第二段开头明确提到“Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti … it’s not.” 说明粉色偏好并非天生或 DNA 决定，所以 A 错误。
B. Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls
第二段中间提到：“Blue, with its intimation of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity.” 说明蓝色曾经象征女性气质，因此过去被认为是女孩的颜色，B 正确。
C. White is preferred by babies
文中提到 20 世纪初之前婴儿穿白色，是因为实用（方便煮沸消毒），而不是因为偏好，所以 C 错误。
D. Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders
文中提到粉色曾被看作偏男性（“more masculine colour”），而不是中性色，所以 D 错误。
正确答案：B
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28
The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological devotement was much influenced by
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B好的，我们一步步来分析这道题。
1. 定位题干关键词
题干问的是：我们对儿童心理发展的认知（perception of children’s psychological development）受什么影响很大。
原文中相关的句子在第三段开头：
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development.
这句话明确说 营销趋势（marketing trends） 深刻影响了我们对“儿童天性”以及“心理发展”的认知。
2. 看例子佐证
作者接着举了 “toddler”（学步儿童）这个阶段的例子：
Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
这说明“toddler”这个发展阶段的概念，不是来自学术研究，而是来自服装制造商的市场策略。
3. 匹配选项
- A. the observation of children’s nature → 错，作者强调这不是来自对儿童天性的观察。
- B. the marketing of products for children → 对，原文 marketing trends / marketing gimmick 对应。
- C. researches into children’s behavior → 错，作者明确否定这一点。
- D. studies of childhood consumption → 错，虽然有“childhood consumerism”这个词，但那是历史学家研究的领域，不是影响我们认知的原因；真正的原因还是营销策略。
4. 结论
正确答案是 B，因为原文明确指出，我们对儿童心理发展的看法深受儿童产品营销策略的影响。
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29
We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 29 题要求从第 4 段中推断“百货商店被建议做什么”。
定位第 4 段内容：
Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a third “stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes.
It was only after “toddler” became common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.
Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.
关键信息提取：
- 百货公司被建议在婴儿服装和大童服装之间增加一个“过渡阶段”（toddler 阶段）。
- 这样做实际上是把儿童（消费者）划分成更细的类别。
- 文章明确说：“将儿童或成人分成越来越小的类别，是提高利润的可靠方法”。
选项分析：
A. classify consumers into smaller groups（将消费者分成更小的群体）
与原文 “Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories” 完全对应，是百货公司被建议做法的本质。
B. attach equal importance to different genders（同等重视不同性别）
文中未提及“同等重视”，而是强调放大性别差异来细分市场，所以此项与文意不符。
C. focuses on infant wear and older kids’ clothes（关注婴儿装和大童装）
原文说的是在两者之间增加一个阶段，而不是只关注这两类，所以错误。
D. create some common shoppers terms（创造一些常见的购物者术语）
虽然 “toddler” 成为常用术语，但这是细分市场后的结果，不是给百货公司的直接建议，因此不准确。
结论：
百货公司被建议通过细分消费者群体来提高销售，因此正确答案是 A。
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30
It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C好，我们一步步来分析。
1. 题干定位
题目问：
It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems ______
（可以得出结论，女孩对粉色的迷恋似乎是______）
2. 原文相关段落
文章第二段提到：
- 20 世纪初之前，儿童没有按颜色区分性别。
- 粉红色曾经被认为是更有男子气的颜色（因为是淡化的红色，红色代表力量）。
- 蓝色象征女性气质（与圣母玛利亚相关）。
- 直到 20 世纪 80 年代中期，强化年龄和性别差异成为儿童市场的主导策略，粉红色才完全成为女孩的专属颜色，并开始看起来像是天生吸引女孩的颜色。
第三段和第四段进一步说明：
- 市场营销趋势深刻影响了我们对“儿童天性”的认知。
- “toddler”这个阶段概念是服装制造商在 1930 年代推广的营销手段。
- 将人群细分为更小的类别是提高利润的可靠方法，而放大性别差异是细分市场的最简单方法之一。
3. 选项分析
A. fully understood by clothing manufacturers
文中没说服装制造商“完全理解”女孩为什么喜欢粉色，而是说他们通过营销策略制造或强化了这种偏好。
B. clearly explained by their inborn tendency
文中明确否定了这是 DNA 决定的（but according to Jo Paoletti … it’s not），所以不是 inborn tendency。
C. mainly imposed by profit driven businessmen
符合原文逻辑：商人为利润，通过营销策略放大性别差异，使粉色成为女孩的象征。
D. well interpreted by psychological experts
文中提到 toddler 阶段不是专家研究儿童行为得出的，而是营销噱头，所以并不是心理学专家解释的。
4. 结论
女孩对粉色的迷恋并不是天生的，而是 20 世纪中期以后由商人为了市场细分和利润创造出来的。
正确答案是 C。
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Text 3
In 2010.a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29h they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it, and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain. firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots, explains Hans Sartor, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31
It can be learned from paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
题目问的是“从第一段可以得知，生物技术公司希望______”。
第一段关键信息：
- 几十年来，公司一直可以获得“分离出的DNA”的专利。
- 2010年3月，一位法官裁定基因不能授予专利。
- 公司高管们反应激烈（violently agitated）。
- BIO 安抚成员说这只是长期斗争中的“初步步骤”。
由此可知，法官的裁决（基因不可专利）引起了生物技术公司的不满，说明他们希望基因可以被授予专利，而不是被禁止专利。
选项分析：
- A. genes to be patentable（基因可被授予专利） → 与原文逻辑一致，公司希望维持基因专利的合法性。
- B. the BIO to issue a warning（BIO发出警告） → 文中BIO是安抚成员，并非公司希望BIO去警告谁。
- C. their executives to be active（他们的高管积极） → 高管们确实激动，但这是对判决的反应，不是公司的愿望。
- D. judges to rule out gene patenting（法官排除基因专利） → 与公司立场相反。
因此正确答案是 A。
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32
Those who are against gene patents believe that
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目问的是“反对基因专利的人相信什么”。
文章第三段提到批评者反对基因专利的三个主要理由：
- 基因是自然产物，因此不应被授予专利；
- 基因专利会抑制创新而不是奖励创新；
- 专利垄断会限制他人进行基因检测（如 Myriad 的检测）。
其中第一个理由对应选项 B“只有人造产品才能被授予专利”，因为基因是自然产物，不是人造的，所以他们认为不应获得专利。
A 项“基因检测不可靠”在文中未提及。
C 项“基因专利很大程度上依赖创新”与批评者的观点相反，他们认为基因专利会抑制创新。
D 项“法院应限制基因检测的获取”与批评者观点相反，他们反对的是专利垄断限制检测，而不是法院去限制检测。
因此正确答案是 B。
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33
According to Hans Saue, companies are eager to win patents for
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
定位原文
题干中的人名 Hans Saue 在原文中对应的是 Hans Sartor（可能是原文或题目印刷差异，但明显是同一人）。
原文相关句在倒数第二段：
firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sartor, a lawyer for the BIO.
理解关键短语
- “how genes interact” 对应 gene interactions。
- “connecting the dots” 比喻的是通过分析基因之间的相互作用来找到疾病原因或药物效果，即 发现基因间的关联。
选项比对
- A. discovering gene interactions → 与 “studying how genes interact” 和 “connecting the dots” 直接对应。
- B. establishing disease correlations → 原文提到 correlations 是为了确定病因或药效，但公司申请专利的直接对象是基因相互作用（connecting the dots），不是单纯建立疾病关联。
- C. drawing pictures of genes → 无依据。
- D. identifying human DNA → 文中说大部分人类 DNA 已被申请或公开，公司不再重点申请此类专利。
因此，正确答案是 A。
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34
By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C我们先定位到原文最后一段：
The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
句子理解：
- BIO 举办了一个大会，其中包含一些培训律师的会议，内容是关于专利领域的变化。
- “Each meeting was packed” 字面意思是“每个会议都挤满了人”。
逻辑推断：
- 为什么会议会挤满人？因为律师们关心专利法规的变化，尤其是基因专利问题。
- 这反映了整个行业对基因专利问题的关注度很高。
选项分析：
- A. the Supreme Court was authoritative（最高法院有权威）—— 虽然前文提到最高法院会审理相关案件，但这里说的是 BIO 的会议，不是最高法院的会议，不直接对应。
- B. the BIO was a powerful organization（BIO 是个强大的组织）—— 会议人多并不能直接推出 BIO 强大，可能只是议题热门。
- C. gene patenting was a great concern（基因专利问题备受关注）—— 会议是关于专利变化（主要是基因专利）的，场场爆满说明大家非常关心这个问题，符合文意。
- D. lawyers were keen to attend conventions（律师们热衷于参加大会）—— 虽然会议人多，但重点不是律师喜欢开会，而是他们关心会议内容（基因专利形势）。
因此，正确选项是 C。
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35
Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
文章结构分析
文章从 2010 年联邦法官判决基因不能获得专利开始，接着讲述上诉法院推翻了这一判决，允许 Myriad Genetics 持有基因专利，然后讨论了反对基因专利的三大理由，以及后续可能诉至最高法院的情况。最后提到随着行业发展，诉讼重点转向基因间的相互作用专利，并提到 BIO 组织在培训律师应对专利形势变化。
作者态度判断依据
- 作者在文中既提到了支持基因专利一方的观点（如 Myriad 公司高管认为判决对公司与患者都是福音），也详细列出了反对基因专利的三大理由（基因是自然产物、抑制创新、垄断限制检测）。
- 作者还提到联邦工作组、司法部对基因专利的质疑，以及最高法院可能介入的后续发展。
- 作者并未明确表示自己支持或反对，而是客观陈述了不同立场的事实与争议，并指出“big questions remain unanswered”以及案件可能继续上诉。
- 最后一段提到 BIO 组织在培训律师应对专利变化，作者也只是陈述事实，没有加入个人褒贬。
排除其他选项
- A（critical）批评的：作者没有明显偏向反对基因专利。
- B（supportive）支持的：作者也没有明显偏向支持基因专利。
- C（scornful）轻蔑的：文中没有嘲讽或贬低的语气。
- D（objective）客观的：符合全文的平衡叙述方式。
因此，正确答案是 D（objective）。
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Text 4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
36
By saying “to find silver linings”( Line 1Para.2) the author suggest that the jobless try to
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
定位原文
第二段第一句：
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.
意思是“失业者比任何人都更努力地在这场国家经济灾难中寻找 silver linings”。
理解短语含义
“silver lining”是一个英语习语，来自谚语 “Every cloud has a silver lining”，意思是“黑暗中总有一线光明”或“困境中也有积极的一面”。
因此 “find silver linings” 就是寻找（不幸中的）积极面、光明面。
上下文验证
第二段接着提到：
- 失业虽然痛苦，但在某些方面让他们变得更好（less materialistic, more financially prudent, more aware of the struggles of others）。
- 经济衰退也许会让社会在某些有限的方面变得更好。
这些都是在讲失业者从困境中看到的好处，即“看到积极的一面”。
选项分析
- A. 寻求政府补贴 → 文中未提及。
- B. 探索失业原因 → 文中未提及。
- C. 从困境中获利 → 文中没有说他们从中赚钱。
- D. 看到衰退的光明面 → 与 “find silver linings” 意思一致。
因此，正确答案是 D。
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37
According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
题目要求根据第二段判断经济衰退对人们的影响。第二段的关键信息如下：
- 失业虽然痛苦，但在某些方面让人们有所提升（improved them in some ways）。
- 他们变得不那么物质主义（less materialistic），更注重财务谨慎（more financially prudent）。
- 更意识到他人的奋斗（more aware of the struggles of others）。
- 经济衰退至少让我们从“轻松致富、更大房子”的全民狂热梦想中醒来（awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses）。
- 为不计后果的个人消费时代画上了必要的句号（put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending）。
这些内容都表明，经济衰退促使人们反思和改变原有的生活方式与价值观，对应选项 D. reconsider their lifestyle（重新审视他们的生活方式）。
其他选项分析：
A. realize the national dream
文中说的是从“全民狂热梦想”中醒来，而不是实现梦想，因此错误。
B. struggle against each other
第二段没有提到人们互相斗争，而是说更理解他人的奋斗，因此错误。
C. challenge their lifestyle
虽然“挑战生活方式”看似合理，但文中强调的是反思和调整，而不是直接对抗或挑战，且“reconsider”更贴近原文“less materialistic, more financially prudent”等表述。
正确答案：D
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38
Benjamin Friedman believed that economic recession may.
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目问的是 Benjamin Friedman 的观点，即他认为经济衰退可能带来什么影响。
根据原文第三段：
In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
关键信息是：
- 社会变得更 mean-spirited（更刻薄、更自私）
- 更 less inclusive（更不包容）
- 阻止或逆转权利与自由的进步
- 反移民情绪增加
- 种族与阶级冲突加剧
这些都是在说经济衰退会 激化人性中的负面表现，对应选项 B. bring out more evils of human nature（引发更多人性的恶）。
A 项“加重移民负担”虽然相关，但 Friedman 强调的是社会心态和冲突的变化，不是直接谈负担轻重。
C 项“促进权利与自由进步”与原文意思相反。
D 项“缓解种族与阶级冲突”也与原文意思相反。
因此正确答案是 B。
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39
The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities to
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
定位原文：
题目问的是 Till Von Wachter 的研究结果，原文在第四段最后一句：
those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
理解句意：
这句话的意思是：
- 拥有精英大学学位的毕业生在经济衰退后能较快恢复到假如他们在经济较好时期毕业时本应达到的水平；
- 被落在后面的是那些比他们学历低的普通大众。
对应选项：
- A 项：说他们由于机会减少而落后于其他人 → 与原文意思相反。
- B 项：说他们迅速赶上经验丰富的员工 → 原文未比较“experienced employees”，而是比较不同学历的毕业生。
- C 项：说他们的生活机会和别人一样暗淡 → 与原文意思相反。
- D 项：说他们比其他人恢复得更快 → 符合原文“catch up fairly quickly”以及“masses…left behind”的对比。
因此正确答案是 D。
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40
The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C我们先分析题干：
The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is .
作者认为艰难时期对社会的影响是。
1. 定位原文相关部分
文章第一段最后一句：
And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
这里说“可能会重塑（reshape）”，表明影响是确实存在的，不是无足轻重的。
第二段提到一些可能的积极影响（less materialistic, more prudent），但第三段开头说：
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off.
说明作者认为这些好处微弱而不确定，不是主要观点。
第三段后半部分引用 Benjamin Friedman 的观点：
lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.
这是负面影响，但作者引用它是为了说明影响确实存在，并且是历史规律。
最后一段最后两句：
We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
这里的关键词是 certainly will reshape（肯定会重塑），说明作者认为影响是确定存在的，尽管具体方向（正面还是负面）可能还不完全清楚，但影响本身是确定的。
2. 选项分析
- A. trivial（微不足道）—— 与作者强调“reshape”相反，排除。
- B. positive（积极的）—— 作者承认可能有某些积极面，但认为这些很微弱，不是主要判断，排除。
- C. certain（确定的）—— 对应最后一句“certainly will reshape”，符合。
- D. destructive（破坏性的）—— 作者虽然提到很多可能的负面后果，但并没有直接断言整体上一定是破坏性的，而是说影响是确定的，具体性质要等以后看清，所以 destructive 过于绝对和片面。
3. 结论
作者的核心观点是：艰难时期对社会的影响是肯定存在的（certain），但具体好坏还不完全确定，需要观察。
因此正确选项是 C. certain。
最终答案：C
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Part B
Directions
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1. (10 points)
41-45
Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,“wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning fom forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today,we want mpathy,not inspiration.
From the earlist days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In 133, Petrarch began work on his rambling wriing De Viris Ilutribus- On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiaveli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.
Over time,the attributes of greatness shited. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and author of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contras, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. “The aluable examples which they fumnish of the power of sef help,if paitnt ps,rsoute woring and steadfast integriy, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibi,"‘wrote Smiles.“what it is in the power of cach to accomplish for himself” His biographies of James Wal, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficul life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napolcon Bonapart. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate,but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
Communist Manifesto.For them,history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles” is man, real, iving man who does all tha’”’ And history should be the story of the masses and their record of strnggle. As such, it neced to appreciate the cconomic realitis, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history,but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves,but under circumstances directly found, given and transmited from the past.”
This was the tradtion which revolutionized our appreciatio of the past, In place of Thomas Carlyle, Briain nurured Christopher Hil,EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History fom below stood alongside biographies of great men.Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpiced the mulipicit of os societis.An tasformed public history toodownstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
| | | |
|---|
| | [A] | emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. |
| 41 | Petrarch | [B] | highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. |
| 42 | Niccolò Machiavelli | [C] | focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. |
| 43 | Samuel Smiles | [D] | opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. |
| 44 | Thomas Carlyle | [E] | held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. |
| 45 | Marx and Engels | [F] | dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. |
| | [G] | depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. |
查看答案与解析
41. [答案] A
[精解] 根据题干 Petrarch 定位至第三段。该段第二句指出：“Petrarch began work on… highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes.” 这说明彼得拉克在其作品中注重对古典英雄美德的刻画。选项 [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes 与此内容完全对应，为正确项。
42. [答案] F
[精解] 根据题干 Niccolò Machiavelli 定位到第三段。该段第二、三句介绍了彼得拉克重视古典英雄的美德；第四至末句则引入马基雅维利，指出他“turned on its head”（完全颠覆了这一传统）。根据末句“he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice”可知，马基雅维利推崇的是奸诈、冷酷和大胆，而非美德、仁慈和正义。这表明他并不看重美德，认为美德对于成功的领导者而言并非必要。这与选项 [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders 逻辑一致，因此 [F] 为正确项。
43. [答案] G
[精解] 根据题干 Samuel Smiles 定位到第四段。该段第三句明确指出：“the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.” 这表明塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯描写的是工程师、实业家和探险家这类人的有价值的一生。选项 [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers 与此内容完全对应，为正确项。
[干扰项分析]
选项 [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists 出现在第四段第二句，该句描述的是浪漫主义者的观点，他们强调的是艺术家个人经历的独特性，而非公众荣耀。而塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯通过“By contrast”引出，其关注点与浪漫主义者不同，他关注的是所有有成就之人的有价值人生，并以此指导普通人。因此，无论从关注对象还是关注角度来看，[B] 选项均与斯迈尔斯不符。
44. [答案] C
[精解] 根据题干 Thomas Carlyle 定位到第五段。该段首句指出，托马斯·卡莱尔的传记聚焦于诸如马丁·路德、奥利弗·克伦威尔和拿破仑·波拿巴等真正英雄的一生。第二句进一步说明：“These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate…” 这表明这些划时代的人物代表着难以复制的人生。选项 [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate 与此内容完全对应，为正确项。
[干扰项分析]
选项 [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history 中“opened up new realms of understanding”看似与文章末段第四句“Whole new realms of understanding… were opened up…”一致，但文中指的是对历史（整体）理解的新领域被开辟，而选项中特指“理解历史上的伟人”，属于偷换概念。此外，末段第二句虽然提到托马斯·卡莱尔，但此处是用“In place of”引出与卡莱尔观点相左的支持大众史观的人物，并且是这种大众史观引导开启了理解历史的新领域，而非卡莱尔本人。
45. [答案] E
[精解] 根据题干 Marx and Engels 定位到第六段。段首“Not everyone was convinced…”表明本段与第五段构成转折，引出与卡莱尔历史观相左的人物马克思和恩格斯。第四句具体阐述了他们的观点：“history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.” 选项 [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle 与此内容直接对应，明确反映了马恩两人的大众史观：历史是大众的历史，是对大众斗争的记录。
Part C
Directions
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
46
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
查看答案与解析
【原文分析】
本文节选自《经济学人》2011年5月26日刊载的《流失还是获益？》一文，聚焦发展中国家人才外流现象及其对经济的影响。翻译时需注意以下难点：
- 文化专有名词（如“Silicon Valley”）需采用约定俗成的译法；
- 长难句的逻辑重组（如第二段末句的定语从句拆分）；
- 术语一致性（如“brain drain”统一译为“人才流失”）。
【参考译文】
发展中国家民众担忧移民问题时，通常忧虑的是本国精英流向硅谷或发达国家的医院与大学。这类人才正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国试图通过优待高校毕业生的移民政策来吸引的对象。
大量研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育者移民倾向尤为显著。2004年一项针对印度家庭的大规模调查显示，近40%的移民受过高中以上教育，而全印度25岁以上人口中该比例仅约3.3%。这种“人才流失”长期困扰贫困国家的政策制定者——他们担心这会损害经济发展，使国家失去急需的技术人才，这些人才本可在高校任教、在医院行医，或为本土工厂研发创新产品。
【翻译要点】
- “best and brightest”译为“精英”符合中文表达习惯；
- “immigration rules that privilege…”采用意译突出政策本质；
- 数据对比处保留原文精确性，同时通过“该比例”实现衔接；
- 末句通过增译“行医”“研发”等动词，使专业场景具体化。
写作
Part A
47
Directions
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to
make a complaint, and
demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
查看答案与解析
【要点归纳】
- 文体与格式：本题要求写一封正式投诉邮件，需包含完整的书信格式（称呼、正文、结尾敬语、署名）。
- 语气与态度：收信对象为客服人员，语气应礼貌得体，既要清晰表达不满，也要尊重对方工作，避免过于生硬或情绪化。
- 内容要点：
- 简要说明购买情况（产品名称、购买时间与渠道）；
- 具体描述产品存在的问题；
- 明确提出解决方案（如换货、维修或退款）；
- 结尾表达感谢或期望，并留下联系方式。
【范文参考】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with an electronic dictionary (Model P90o) that I purchased from your online store the day before yesterday. Unfortunately, it has not been functioning properly. The device frequently shuts down on its own, which severely affects its usability.
I would appreciate it if you could arrange for a replacement or repair as per the warranty policy. If neither option is feasible, I would request a full refund.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. Please feel free to contact me at 12345678 if further details are needed.
Yours faithfully,
Zhang Wei
【写作储备】
常见电子词典问题表达：
- short battery life 电池续航短
- unable to update 无法更新系统
- stuck key / keys difficult to press 按键卡顿/难以按下
- broken screen 屏幕破损
- frequent application crash 程序频繁闪退
投诉信常用句型：
开头表达不满：
- I wish to complain about…
- I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with…
- I must bring to your attention a problem with…
描述问题：
- It is frustrating to find that…
- I am disappointed because the product does not work as expected.
- The device malfunctions frequently, which is highly inconvenient.
提出诉求：
- I would appreciate it if you could replace/repair/refund…
- I request that you resolve this issue at your earliest convenience.
结尾礼貌提醒：
- I trust you will give this matter your prompt attention.
- I look forward to your reply and a satisfactory solution.
改写说明：
- 结构和格式标准化：将原文要点、范文、写作储备等内容按标准书信解析结构分段整理，条理更清晰，便于阅读和查找。
- 表达和逻辑优化：对原文解析和例句进行语言润色，调整部分表述，使逻辑更顺畅、语气更正式。
- 内容补充与细化：在常用表达和问题类型部分适当补充和细化内容，增强实用性和指导性。
如果您需要其他风格或进一步调整，请随时告知，我会为您优化。
Part B
48
Directions
Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should
describe the table, and
give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
（某公司员工工作满意度调查
| 满意度\年龄组 | 满意 | 不清楚 | 不满意 |
|---|
| ≤40岁 | 16.7% | 50.0% | 33.3% |
| 41-50岁 | 0.0% | 36.0% | 64.0% |
| ＞50岁 | 40.0% | 50.0% | 10.0% |
查看答案与解析
【现象解读】
该表格反映了不同年龄段员工在工作满意度上的显著差异。这种现象与各年龄群体的职场处境及职业预期密切相关，需结合其各自特点进行分析。值得注意的是，即便在满意度最高的组别中，也仅有40%的员工表示满意，这表明有必要引导员工树立积极观念，以提升整体工作满意度。
【范文参考】
The table clearly illustrates the disparities in job satisfaction across different age groups. Employees over 50 years old reported the highest level of satisfaction, with 40% expressing contentment. In contrast, only 16.7% of those aged 40 or younger claimed to be satisfied, while 33.3% explicitly expressed dissatisfaction. The most pronounced dissatisfaction was observed among employees aged 41 to 50: none reported satisfaction, and an overwhelming 64% indicated they were dissatisfied.
These variations can be attributed to distinct career stages and expectations. Employees in their 40s often face a career plateau—lacking the vigor of younger colleagues and the seniority of older professionals—which fosters a sense of stagnation and powerlessness, leading to high dissatisfaction. Younger employees, although sometimes uncertain about their career path, generally experience upward momentum, contributing to relatively higher morale. Meanwhile, older employees, having achieved career maturity and looking forward to retirement, tend to exhibit the greatest satisfaction.
Overall, the data suggest that career challenges affect all age groups. Cultivating a positive attitude is essential for sustaining long-term job satisfaction.
【写作储备】
【话题表达补充】
影响工作满意度的因素包括：
- Career advance opportunities（职业发展机会）
- Relationship with management（与领导层的关系）
- Relationship with co-workers（与同事的关系）
- Work environment（工作环境）
- Organization’s financial stability（组织的财务稳定性）
- Benefits（福利待遇）
【写作素材积累】
- Organizations recognize that employee job satisfaction and engagement are crucial to sustainable business development.
- Employee satisfaction and engagement are influenced by a range of personal and professional factors, including life circumstances, career context, expectations, and values.
- Employees consistently seek competitive compensation, a supportive work atmosphere, and flexibility in the workplace.