2011 年真题

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has $\underline{1}$ across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved $\underline{2}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{3}$ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a $\underline{4}$ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech $\underline{5}$ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled $\underline{6}$ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential $\underline{7}$ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to $\underline{8}$ a federation of private online identity systems. User could $\underline{9}$ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license $\underline{10}$ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to $\underline{11}$ just once but use many different services.

$\underline{12}$ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{13}$ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with $\underline{14}$ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure $\underline{15}$ which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has $\underline{16}$ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would $\underline{17}$ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with $\underline{18}$ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet $\underline{19}$ .They argue that all Internet users should be $\underline{20}$ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.

A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.

The EU is faced with so many problems that

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.

A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.

The EU is faced with so many problems that

The debatc over the EU’s single currrey s ui heuse te dminant powers

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.

A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.

The EU is faced with so many problems that

The debatc over the EU’s single currrey s ui heuse te dminant powers

To solve the uro problem, Germany proposed that

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.

A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.

The EU is faced with so many problems that

The debatc over the EU’s single currrey s ui heuse te dminant powers

To solve the uro problem, Germany proposed that

The French proposal of handing th rispit_

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for

We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be

According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.

The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper

Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt

Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_

What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

The most appropriate title for this text would be

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians

Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

Mies held that elegance of architectural design

What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.

A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.

The EU is faced with so many problems that

The debatc over the EU’s single currrey s ui heuse te dminant powers

To solve the uro problem, Germany proposed that

The French proposal of handing th rispit_

Regarding the future of the Eu, he author seems to feel