2021 年真题

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It $\underline{1}$ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then $\underline{2}$ starts to slowly decline as we age. But $\underline{3}$ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the $\underline{4}$ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the $\underline{5}$ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or $\underline{6}$ this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that $\underline{7}$ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and $\underline{8}$ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people $\underline{9}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{10}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{11}$ .

For women, the association may be $\underline{12}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be $\underline{13}$ . It is hoped that future studies could $\underline{14}$ these differences and perhaps lead to different $\underline{15}$ for men and women.

$\underline{16}$ , there are steps you can $\underline{17}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental $\underline{18}$ . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your $\underline{19}$ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style $\underline{20}$ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

Text 4

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

There has long been concern that broadband provides would

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

Text 4

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

There has long been concern that broadband provides would

Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, he FCC

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

Text 4

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

There has long been concern that broadband provides would

Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, he FCC

What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

Text 4

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

There has long been concern that broadband provides would

Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, he FCC

What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?

Judge Patricia Millet argues that the appeals court’s decision

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for

It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that

In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out

According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

What is the text centered on?

Text 3

As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",

According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

Which of the following questions does the text answer?

Text 4

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

There has long been concern that broadband provides would

Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, he FCC

What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?

Judge Patricia Millet argues that the appeals court’s decision

What does the author argue in the last paragraph?