完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast.
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a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can
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it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this
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should be rendered yet another, quality pleasure
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to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has
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a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked
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high temperatures. This means that people should
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crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin—crust pizzas and only
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toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?
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studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no
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evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is
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to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.
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the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is
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to follow the FSA advice.
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, it was rumourde that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a
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.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be.
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up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living?
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, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods
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, but reduce their lifetime intake. However its
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risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just
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with no one listening.
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 1 题考查的是介词与时间表达的搭配。
空格后是 “a cold winter’s day”，表示“在一个寒冷的冬日”。
在英语中，具体某一天或特定某一天的早上、下午、晚上，介词用 on，例如：
- on a cold day
- on Monday
- on a winter’s morning
选项分析：
- A. In → 用于较长的时间段（in winter, in 2024）或一天内的某部分（in the morning），但此处是“a cold winter’s day”特指某一天，不能用 in。
- B. Towards → 表示“接近某个时间”，意思不符。
- C. On → 用于具体某一天，正确。
- D. Till → 表示“直到”，意思不符。
因此正确答案是 C. On。
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2
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 2 题所在句子为：
“On a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can ___ it.”
因此，正确答案是 A. match。
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3
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
上下文逻辑
前文提到“Sunday roast”是英国的一项伟大传统，在寒冷的冬日里，很少有烹饪乐趣能与之相比（few culinary pleasures can ___ it）。
接着用“Yet”转折，引出“the food police”（此处指食品标准局 FSA）认为这种传统应当被视作另一种有害健康的乐趣。
所以第 3 题所在句子的意思是：这种享受（this ___）应该被变成另一种损害健康的乐趣。
词义辨析
- A. patience（耐心）—— 与美食享受无关。
- B. enjoyment（享受，乐趣）—— 与上文的“culinary pleasures”对应，符合语境。
- C. surprise（惊讶）—— 不符合文意。
- D. concern（担忧）—— 逻辑不通，因为这里是指“这种享受”被说成有害健康。
句意还原
“this enjoyment should be rendered yet another quality pleasure … to damage our health”
意为“这种享受竟然被说成是另一种会损害健康的乐趣”。
因此，正确答案是 B. enjoyment。
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4
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D好的，我们先来看第 4 题所在的句子：
That this 3 should be rendered yet another, quality pleasure 4 to damage our health.
3 空我们暂时不管，先看 4 空。
句子意思是“这种（享受）被变成另一种……的乐趣，这种乐趣会损害健康”。
结构是：
be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4 to damage our health.
这里的 4 是一个过去分词作后置定语，修饰“quality pleasure”，表示“这种乐趣是被……会损害健康的”。
四个选项：
- A. intensified（强化的）
- B. privileged（有特权的）
- C. compelled（被迫的）
- D. guaranteed（保证的）
逻辑上，作者在说食品监管部门（food police）认为这种传统美食“被变成一种肯定会损害健康的享受”。
guaranteed to damage our health 意思是“保证会损害健康”，这是一种略带讽刺的说法，暗示官方认为这种享受注定对健康有害。
所以这里 D. guaranteed 最符合语境，表示“被保证会损害健康的享受”，带有讽刺意味。
因此正确答案是 D。
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5
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
上下文逻辑
文中提到“食品标准局（FSA）发布了一项关于丙烯酰胺风险的公开警告”，这里需要一个表示“发布（警告）”的动词。
动词搭配与词义辨析
- A. issued：发布（声明、警告、文件等），符合“FSA issued a public warning”的搭配。
- B. received：收到，逻辑上应是公众收到警告，而不是 FSA 收到警告。
- C. ignored：忽略，与文意相反。
- D. cancelled：取消，不符合语境。
句意与常识
政府或官方机构对公众提出警告时，常用 issue a warning，因此 A 项正确。
答案：A
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6
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 6 题题干为：
… a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked
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high temperatures.
此处要表达的是“在高温下烹饪的食物”。
英语中表示“在……温度下”的固定搭配是 at … temperature，例如：
- at high temperatures
- at low temperatures
- at a temperature of 200°C
其他选项分析：
- A. under：一般用于“在……条件下”（under certain conditions），不用于具体温度。
- C. for：表示目的或持续一段时间，不用于“在某个温度下烹饪”。
- D. by：表示通过某种方式或到某个时间，不用于温度。
因此，正确答案是 B. at。
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7
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
上下文逻辑
文章提到食品标准局（FSA）警告高温烹饪会产生丙烯酰胺，因此建议人们不要把烤土豆做得太脆、拒绝薄皮披萨、并且只轻微烤面包。
所以第 7 题所在句 “people should ___ crisping their roast potatoes” 意思是“人们应当避免把烤土豆做得太脆”。
词语搭配与语义
- forget（忘记）不符合语境，因为这里不是“忘记做某事”，而是主动避免一种烹饪方式。
- regret（后悔）语义不符。
- finish（完成）与文意相反。
- avoid（避免）符合“避免做某事”的搭配，且与 FSA 警告的目的一致。
同句线索
后面还有 “reject thin-crust pizzas and only lightly toast their bread”，都是“减少高温烹饪食物”的建议，所以“avoid crisping…”是同类建议。
因此正确答案是 D. avoid。
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 8 题所在的句子是：
This means that people should … only ________ toast their bread.
前文提到，食品标准局（FSA）警告高温烹饪会产生丙烯酰胺，因此建议人们：
- 不要把烤土豆做得太脆（avoid crisping roast potatoes）
- 拒绝薄皮披萨（reject thin-crust pizzas）
- 烤面包时只 ______ 烤一下
逻辑上，这里是为了减少丙烯酰胺的摄入，所以要避免将面包烤得太焦（即减少美拉德反应的程度）。
partially toast 意思是“部分地烤”，也就是不要烤得太焦、颜色太深，符合“降低风险”的语境。
其他选项：
- regularly（定期） → 与烤的程度无关
- easily（容易地） → 不符合减少风险的逻辑
- initially（最初） → 语义不通
因此正确答案是 A. partially。
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9
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 9 题所在句子：
______ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no ______ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
句子结构分析：
前半句说“研究表明丙烯酰胺可能对小鼠造成神经损伤”，后半句说“没有______证据表明它会导致人类癌症”。
显然，前后两个部分之间是对比/让步关系，即：虽然对小鼠有影响，但对人类致癌的证据不足。
选项分析：
- A. Unless（除非）——引导条件状语从句，不符合逻辑。
- B. Since（因为，既然）——表示因果关系，但这里前后不是因果，而是转折。
- C. If（如果）——表示条件，不符合语义。
- D. While（虽然，尽管）——可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管……但是……”，符合这里的对比关系。
因此正确答案是 D。
整句意为：虽然研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤，但没有______证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
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10
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 10 题所在句子为：
… there is no conclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
句意分析：
前一句提到“研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤”，但紧接着用 but 转折，说明对于人类致癌的证据并不充分。
conclusive evidence 意为“确凿的证据”，符合语境：没有确凿证据表明它会导致人类患癌。
选项分析：
- A. secondary（次要的）—— 与文意不符，这里强调证据是否充分，而不是主次。
- B. external（外部的）—— 与证据的性质无关。
- C. conclusive（决定性的，确凿的）—— 符合科学争议语境，即“尚无定论”。
- D. negative（负面的，否定的）—— 若用 no negative evidence 则意为“没有反面证据”，逻辑上反而可能支持其致癌，与文意矛盾。
因此正确答案是 C. conclusive。
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11
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 11 题所在句子为：
Scientists say the compound is ______ to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.
选项分析：
- A. insufficient（不足的）—— 一般修饰“evidence”等名词，不用于“be insufficient to do”表示“可能做某事”的意思。
- B. bound（必然的）—— “be bound to”表示“一定会”，但后半句说“没有确凿证据”，语气矛盾。
- C. likely（可能的）—— “be likely to”表示“很可能”，与“没有确凿证据”逻辑一致，符合科学上“怀疑可能致癌但未证实”的语境。
- D. slow（缓慢的）—— “be slow to”表示“不轻易做某事”，不符合句意。
因此正确答案是 C. likely，意思是“科学家认为该化合物可能致癌，但尚无确凿科学证据”。
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12
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 12 题空格所在的句子是：
______ the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is ______ to follow the FSA advice.
句意：根据预防原则，可以认为遵循 FSA 的建议是______的。
- A. On the basis of（基于，根据）——符合逻辑，表示“基于预防原则”来论证。
- B. At the cost of（以…为代价）——意思不通。
- C. In addition to（除…之外）——上下文没有并列补充关系。
- D. In contrast to（与…相反）——这里不是对比关系。
预防原则（precautionary principle） 是指在科学证据尚不充分时，为防范风险可采取预防措施。
因此，此处意思是“基于预防原则，可以说听从 FSA 的建议是合理的”，所以选 A。
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13
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
上下文逻辑
前文提到，科学家认为丙烯酰胺（acrylamide）可能致癌，但尚无确凿证据。接着提到“根据预防原则（precautionary principle）”，可以认为 遵循 FSA 的建议 是合理的。
“precautionary principle” 的意思是，即使没有充分科学证据，为防范潜在风险也应采取预防措施。
语义搭配
- A. interesting（有趣的）→ 与“预防原则”逻辑不符。
- B. advisable（可取的，明智的）→ 符合“预防原则”的语境，表示“这样做是明智的”。
- C. urgent（紧急的）→ 文中未强调紧急性，只说有潜在风险。
- D. fortunate（幸运的）→ 与建议是否应被遵循无关。
句意判断
“… it could be argued that it is ______ to follow the FSA advice.”
意思是“可以主张说，遵循 FSA 的建议是 可取的”，与“预防原则”呼应。
因此正确答案是 B. advisable。
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14
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第14题所在的句子是：
__14__, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.
前文提到，科学家认为丙烯酰胺可能致癌，但没有确凿证据，因此根据“预防原则”最好听从食品标准局的建议。
接着这里用了一个例子来支持这种谨慎态度：吸烟致癌的传言在证据确凿之前已经流传多年。
逻辑上，这是在给出一个理由来支持“即使没有充分证据，也应该小心”的观点，所以空格处需要一个表示“毕竟；终究”的逻辑连接词。
- A. As usual（像往常一样） → 不符合逻辑，这里不是描述惯例。
- B. In particular（尤其是） → 表示具体化，但这里不是列举特例，而是给出一个支持性的理由。
- C. By definition（根据定义） → 语义不符。
- D. After all（毕竟） → 用于给出理由，加强前面观点，符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. After all。
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15
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 15 题所在句子为：
… it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
句意理解：
这句话的意思是：在找到证据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联系之前，多年来一直有传言说吸烟会致癌。
这里强调的是“吸烟与癌症之间的因果关系（connection）”，而不是相似性（resemblance）、组合（combination）或模式（pattern）。
选项分析：
- A. resemblance（相似性）—— 不符合“因果关系”的语境。
- B. combination（组合）—— 指事物结合，不强调因果。
- C. connection（联系）—— 常指因果或关联关系，符合语境。
- D. pattern（模式）—— 指某种规律，不如 connection 贴切。
因此正确答案是 C. connection。
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16
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 16 题空格所在的句子是：
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be ______ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.
1. 上下文语义
这里在说，即使按照健康建议，我们也可以把一片煮牛肉和蒸蔬菜一起在周日“端上桌”，只是没有约克郡布丁和酒。
“be ______ up” 在这里是“被端上桌、被提供”的意思。
2. 选项分析
- A. made up：表示“编造、弥补、化妆”，不符合“食物被提供”的意思。
- B. served up：固定搭配，意思是“端上（饭菜）”，符合语境。
- C. saved up：表示“存钱、节省”，不用于食物的提供。
- D. used up：表示“用完、耗尽”，不符合语境。
3. 结论
根据句意和搭配，B. served 是正确答案，表示“被端上桌供应”。
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17
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第 17 题空格前一句是：
But would life be worth living?
空格后一句是：
the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods ___, but reduce their lifetime intake.
这里作者在批评 FSA 的建议会剥夺生活乐趣之后，马上转述 FSA 的澄清——他们并非让人们完全不吃，只是建议减少摄入量。这种语气是一种让步性的补充，意思是“公平地说，FSA 并没有那么极端”。
- A. To be fair（公平地说）——用于在批评之后，承认对方的合理之处，符合这里的逻辑。
- B. For instance（例如）——用于举例，不符合。
- C. To be brief（简而言之）——用于总结，不符合。
- D. In general（总的来说）——用于概括，也不符合这里“让步承认”的语境。
因此，正确答案是 A. To be fair。
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18
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
第 18 题位于句子中：
the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods ______, but reduce their lifetime intake.
句意理解：
- 前半句说“不是让人们 ______ 戒掉烤肉食品”，后半句说“而是减少一生的摄入量”。
- 逻辑上，这里要表达的是“不是完全戒除，而是减少摄入”，因此空格应填入表示“完全”的词。
选项分析：
- A. reluctantly（不情愿地）→ 不符合语义，不是强调“不情愿地不吃”。
- B. entirely（完全地）→ 符合“不是完全戒除”的语义，与后文“减少摄入”形成对比。
- C. gradually（逐渐地）→ 与“减少摄入”意思重复，不能形成对比。
- D. carefully（小心地）→ 语义不通，不是强调“小心地不吃”。
因此，正确答案是 B. entirely。
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19
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
第 19 题空格所在的句子是：
However its ______ risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective.
这里的主语是 “its ______”，指的是前面提到的 FSA（食品标准局） 所做的事情——发布公共警告、建议人们改变烹饪和饮食习惯。
从上下文看，FSA 的这些行动不是一次性的，而是一个有组织的、持续的 宣传活动，目的是改变公众行为。
- A. promise（承诺）—— 不符合，FSA 不是在承诺什么，而是在警告和建议。
- B. experience（经验）—— 不符合，FSA 的“经验”不会让人感觉 pushy（爱管闲事）。
- C. campaign（运动，宣传活动）—— 符合，FSA 的这种公共健康警告和倡导行为，可以被视为一场 campaign，而且 campaign 可能给人“爱指手画脚、过度保护”的印象。
- D. competition（竞争）—— 不符合，文中没有竞争的意思。
因此，C. campaign 最符合逻辑和语境。
答案：C
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20
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
第 20 题空格所在句为：
Constant health scares just ______ with no one listening.
句意分析：
这句话意思是“持续不断的健康警告最终只是______，没有人听”。
从逻辑上看，前面说 FSA 的建议显得 pushy and overprotective（咄咄逼人、过度保护），而且这种警告反复出现，但没有人理会，因此这些警告最终是“以没人听告终”。
选项分析：
- A. follow up 意思是“跟进”，不符合“没人听”的结果。
- B. pick up 意思是“捡起、学会、好转”，语义不符。
- C. open up 意思是“打开、开辟”，与语境无关。
- D. end up 意思是“以……告终”，常用结构是 end up with… 或 end up doing…，这里 end up with no one listening 表示“最终结果就是没人听”，符合文意。
因此正确答案是 D. end up。
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阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “own of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in e220m of investment and an avalache of arts,out not to be confined to cities. Britain’ town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bi to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of selt. celebration in its desperation to reinvent itsef for the post- Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will fllwvillage of culure? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culure?
It is also wise to recall that such tiles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiaritis-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilies and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21
Copper and her colleague argue that a “town of culture"award would
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
定位关键信息
原文第一段提到：
Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
这里指出，赫尔（Hull）获得“文化之城”称号后，带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量艺术活动，因此库珀等人认为这种成功不应仅限于城市，也应让城镇受益。
理解提议目的
原文接着说：
A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
明确说明设立“文化之镇”奖项可以吸引资金和创造就业，这属于经济层面的收益。
选项比对
- A：加强城镇与城市的联系（原文未提及城镇与城市的合作或联系）
- B：促进英国城镇之间的合作（原文未强调城镇间合作）
- C：增强英国城镇的经济实力（与“吸引资金、创造就业”对应）
- D：将英国有限资源集中于文化活动（与原文意图不符，原文是希望为城镇带来额外资源）
因此，正确选项是 C。
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22
According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B让我们先定位到第二段的内容：
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture… A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world…
关键信息分析：
- “booby prize”（安慰奖）意味着因为得不到更好的奖项（欧洲文化之都），才设立一个次一等的奖项。
- “cynic”（愤世嫉俗者）会认为这是陷入一种“自我庆祝的热潮”，暗示这是一种自我欺骗（self-deception），因为英国在脱欧后急于重塑自己。
- 后面还讽刺性地提到以后会不会有“village of culture”、“hamlet of culture”，说明这种称号可能泛滥而无实际意义。
选项比对：
- A. a sensible compromise（明智的妥协） → 文中没有体现“明智”，而是讽刺。
- B. a self-deceiving attempt（自我欺骗的尝试） → 对应“cynic”的看法，符合“endless fever of self-celebration”和“desperation”的语境。
- C. an eye-catching bonus（引人注目的奖励） → 与文意不符，文中是“booby prize”，不是真正的bonus。
- D. an inaccessible target（难以达成的目标） → 文中未强调目标难以达成。
因此正确答案是 B。
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23
The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D让我们先定位原文中关于“成功的称号持有者”的论述。
关键段落在第三段：
The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
以及第四段开头：
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation … But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture … turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
分析：
- 作者强调，真正成功的不是短期的旅游收入或一年的艺术活动，而是能转变居民的抱负和城市的自我形象，并且产生持久的影响。
- 对应选项：
- A 项“努力维持形象” → 原文强调的是转变而非维持。
- B 项“满足人民的愿望” → 原文是“转变（transform）人民的愿望”，不是“满足（meet）”，意思不同。
- C 项“使当地艺术变得突出” → 这只是短期效果，不是成功的关键。
- D 项“致力于长期发展” → 符合原文“no lasting benefits”的反面以及 Glasgow 案例的长期转型。
因此，作者认为成功的称号持有者必须致力于长期发展，而不仅仅是短期收益。
答案：D
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24
Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A让我们先分析段落结构和逻辑。
第三段内容回顾：
- 开头说这类文化称号并非万能药。
- 一个运营差的“文化年”只会带来短暂关注，没有持久效益。
- 真正成功的文化称号获得者，不仅仅是填满酒店床位、举办高端艺术活动或获得一年好宣传，而是能改变当地居民的抱负，提升城市的自我形象。
- 这很难做到，需要远见与合作。
- 然后提到 Glasgow 作为欧洲文化之都的那一年，可被视为一系列复杂因素之一，这些因素把该市变成了今天仍然充满艺术、音乐、戏剧活力的城市。
逻辑分析：
第三段整体是在警告“文化称号”不一定成功，需要更多条件才能产生持久影响。
最后提到 Glasgow 时，是把它作为正面例子，说明如果做得好，确实可以产生长远积极影响。
因此，Glasgow 在这里的作用是支持前面说的“真正成功的案例需要做更多事”这一观点，而不是对比或反驳。
选项分析：
A. a contrasting case（对比案例）—— 错，因为 Glasgow 是正面案例，不是与前面形成对比，而是与“badly run year of culture”形成对比，但段落内部是先说负面情况，再说正面情况，最后举 Glasgow 来支持正面情况的可行性。
B. a supporting example（支持性例子）—— 对，因为 Glasgow 证明了前面说的“But it can be done”。
C. a background story（背景故事）—— 错，不是背景，而是论证的一部分。
D. a related topic（相关话题）—— 太模糊，不准确。
但题目问的是第 24 题，原文给的答案是 A，这很奇怪，因为按照逻辑推理，这里应该是 supporting example。
不过，如果从段落间关系来看：
第二段末尾提到英国失去欧洲文化之都资格，并提到 Glasgow 和 Liverpool 曾获此殊荣，第三段讲文化称号并非万能药，然后举 Glasgow 作为成功案例。
但第三段举 Glasgow 是为了说明“做得好就能成功”，并不是为了与前面形成对比，所以答案 A 似乎不符合常规理解。
但既然题目明确说正确答案是 A，可能出题者认为：
第三段先讲“badly run year of culture”是普遍情况，再讲 Glasgow 是做得好的情况，两者形成对比，所以 Glasgow 是作为 contrasting case 出现。
不过严格来说，这种“对比”是段落内部的对比（好 vs 坏），而 Glasgow 是作为好案例来支持“可以做好”的观点，所以 B 更合理。
但既然题目答案给定 A，可能是将 Glasgow 与前面假设的失败案例对比，因此选 A。
最终解析（按出题者意图）：
第三段先指出失败的例子（badly run year of culture），然后提出真正成功的要素，最后举 Glasgow 作为与失败例子相反的成功案例，因此是 a contrasting case。
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25
What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
题干定位
题目问作者对“文化小镇”提议的态度，需要从全文的语气和观点来判断。
关键段落分析
- 第一段：介绍了工党议员提议设立“文化小镇”奖项，并指出它可能带来的好处（吸引资金、创造就业）。
- 第二段：提到有人可能认为这是英国退欧后无法申请“欧洲文化之都”的安慰奖，并讽刺可能还会出现“文化村”“文化郊区”等，但这是他人观点，作者并未直接认同。
- 第三段：作者提醒这类称号并非万能，办得不好会没有持久效益，但真正成功的案例能改变当地居民的抱负和自我形象。
- 第四段：指出成功需要远见与合作，并以格拉斯哥为例说明可以做到。
- 第五段：总结说“文化小镇”不仅是关于艺术，还关乎弘扬小镇特色、支持本地设施和人民，并将其付诸行动。
态度判断
- 作者在最后一段明确提到“A ‘town of culture’ could be… above all celebrating its people and turn it into action”，这是对提议的积极展望。
- 虽然文中提到了质疑和风险，但作者用这些来强调如何做好，而不是否定提议本身。
- 全文结构是：介绍提议 → 提及他人质疑 → 指出潜在问题与成功要素 → 最终肯定其可能性与价值。
- 因此，作者态度是**支持（favorable）**的，但带有建设性的提醒。
选项比对
- A. Skeptical（怀疑的）❌ 作者没有否定提议，而是指出如何成功。
- B. Objective（客观的）❌ 作者在最后表达了积极看法，不只是中立描述。
- C. Favorable（赞成的）✅ 符合最后一段的积极语气和建设性支持。
- D. Critical（批评的）❌ 虽有提醒，但整体不是批判。
答案：C
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Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists nee joumnals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articls without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very pricsensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientifi papers produced in the world, made profits of more than c900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than E210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate eforts te change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accesed, shows the legal cosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms, either freeyavalable from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their witers fees. to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around E500 to S5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.
In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places, in both cas, we need a rebalancing of power
26
Scientific publishing is seen as"a licence to print money” partly because
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
题目问的是“科学出版被视为‘印钞许可证’的部分原因是什么”，关键在于理解原文中支持这一说法的理由。
定位关键信息：
原文第一段提到：
Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free…
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.
这说明科学出版中，论文内容（稿件）和同行评议都是免费的，出版社获取内容的成本几乎为零。
分析选项：
- A. 其资金稳定增长：文中未提资金稳定增长是原因。
- B. 其营销策略成功：文中提到出版社要找市场，但未强调营销策略是主要原因。
- C. 从政治角度分析：文中未涉及政治角度。
- D. 其内容获取成本为零：与原文“content secured for free”对应，是出版社能获得高利润的重要原因之一。
逻辑关系：
因为内容成本为零，而图书馆对期刊价格不敏感，出版社可以定高价，从而获得接近 40% 的利润率，这就像“印钞许可证”。
因此，D 项是正确答案。
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27
According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A让我们先回顾一下第二段和第三段的关键信息：
第二段
- 出版商免费获得论文内容，只需为期刊找到市场。
- 大学图书馆对价格不敏感（not very price-sensitive）。
- 科学出版商的利润率接近 40%，而其他出版业面临生存危机。
第三段
- Elsevier 出版全球 25% 的科学论文，利润超过 9 亿欧元。
- 仅英国大学在 2016 年就花了 2.1 亿欧元让研究人员访问他们自己公共资助的研究。
- 这些数字持续上升。
解析：
A 选项：thrived mainly on university libraries
文中提到大学图书馆对价格不敏感，且出版商从图书馆订阅中获取巨额利润（Elsevier 的利润与大学订阅费相关），因此可以说他们主要依靠大学图书馆繁荣起来。
B 选项：gone through an existential crisis
这是其他出版业的情况，不是科学出版商。
C 选项：revived the publishing industry
文中没有说他们复兴了整个出版业。
D 选项：financed researchers generously
文中没有提到他们资助研究人员，反而是研究人员免费提供劳动。
因此正确答案是 A。
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28
How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
定位原文
题干问的是作者对 Sci-Hub 成功的态度。相关段落是第四段：
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub… The success of Sci-Hub… shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed…
关键词分析
- 作者称 Sci-Hub 是 “most drastic, and thoroughly illegal”（最激烈且完全非法的）反应。
- 作者指出 Sci-Hub 的成功表明 “legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy”（合法体系已失去其正当性），并强调 “must be transformed”（必须改革）。
- 这些措辞并非赞扬或鼓励，而是指出这种非法手段的流行反映了系统问题，暗示作者对这种情况感到担忧，而不是高兴或鼓励。
排除法
- A. Relieved（欣慰的）：作者没有表达欣慰，反而暗示非法途径的流行是系统失灵的危险信号。
- B. Puzzled（困惑的）：作者并没有表现出不解，而是清楚解释了 Sci-Hub 成功的原因。
- D. Encouraged（受到鼓舞的）：虽然 Sci-Hub 迫使人们关注问题，但作者强调它是非法的，且系统必须改革，而不是鼓励这种做法。
- C. Concerned（担忧的）：符合文中语气——作者认为合法体系失去公信力是严重问题，需要改革，因此对现状是忧虑的。
答案：C
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29
It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
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正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
题目要求从第5段和第6段推断关于“开放获取（open access terms）”的信息。
第5段关键信息：
- 英国超过一半的科学研究以开放获取形式发表。
- 两种模式：
- 立即免费（从发表起就免费获取）；
- 延迟开放（先付费墙一年或更久，以便出版商盈利，之后才公开）。
这说明在开放获取模式下，出版商仍然有盈利空间，尤其是通过延迟开放模式。
第6段关键信息：
- 新系统（开放获取）对大学来说并没有更便宜。
- 出版商向作者收费（文章处理费），费用从 £500 到 £5,000。
- 订阅费和文章处理费都在以高于通胀率的速度上涨。
这说明虽然读者可能免费获取文章，但出版成本转嫁给了作者或其机构（大学），出版商的利润模式依然存在。
选项分析：
A. allow publishers some room to make money
正确。第5段提到延迟开放模式让出版商先获利；第6段提到作者付费模式也让出版商有收入来源。
B. render publishing much easier for scientists
未提及。文中没有说开放获取让科学家发表更容易，反而可能因为高昂的文章处理费而更难。
C. reduce the cost of publication substantially
错误。第6段明确说新系统对大学来说没有更便宜，成本反而在上升。
D. free universities from financial burdens
错误。第6段表明大学仍然承担高额订阅费与文章处理费，负担并未解除。
答案：A
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30
Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
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正确答案：D
正确答案：D让我们先分析一下题干和选项。
题干问的是科学出版模式的特点。
原文关键信息：
- 科学家免费提供论文，审稿人免费审稿（为了地位和学术贡献）。
- 出版商几乎免费获得内容，然后卖给大学图书馆，利润很高（40%利润率）。
- 爱思唯尔等大出版商利润巨大，而大学却要花大笔钱让研究者获取他们自己产出的成果。
- 最后一段明确比喻：科学出版模式类似于社交互联网经济——免费劳动换取地位希望，少数大公司通过运营市场赚取巨额利润。
选项分析：
- A. Trial subscription is offered（提供试用订阅） → 原文未提及。
- B. Labour triumphs over status（劳动战胜地位） → 与原文相反，科学家是为了地位而免费劳动，不是劳动战胜地位。
- C. Costs are well controlled（成本控制良好） → 与原文不符，成本对大学来说不断上涨。
- D. The few feed on the many（少数人依靠多数人获利） → 对应原文“科学家免费劳动，出版商赚大钱”以及最后一段的比喻，即少数大公司从大量研究者的无偿劳动中获利。
因此正确答案是 D，它准确概括了科学出版模式中“多数人无偿贡献，少数出版商获利”的本质。
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Text 3
Progressives ofen support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too ofen such policies are an insincere form.of vitue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does litle to help average people.
A pair of bils sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing govermment quotas. If the bil become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. in signing the measure, Califormia Govermor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies pople on the basis of sex, isprobably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classification unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to al bards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constirutional guarante of “equal protection”,
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currenly miror the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing withou government interference, According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring ompanis to aknde thprimary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide orporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic.Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt “phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up.multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31
The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
作者态度定位
文章开头就表明，进步人士支持多元化政策，但作者认为这些政策往往是“虚伪的道德信号”，只让最有权势的人受益，对普通人帮助甚微。
案例聚焦
文中提到的 Lewis 和 Haddad 提出的法案，要求 2022 年前州政府委员会中女性占 50% 席位。作者认为这是通过政府配额来确保“精英女性”有更多机会，而不是真正帮助普通女性。
类比与论证
作者引用加州类似法案，指出其可能违宪，并且提到在没有历史歧视证据的情况下，基于性别的分类很难通过宪法审查。
实际效果质疑
作者指出，没有政府强制时，企业董事会女性比例已在自然增长（2010–2015 年全球增长 54%）。而强行实施配额会导致经验不足的董事会成员，并出现“金裙子”现象——同一批精英女性占据多个董事会席位。
结论呼应
最后一段强调，这种配额政策主要是“自利措施”，让推动者自我感觉良好，但几乎无助于普通女性。
因此，作者认为这些法案 对减少性别偏见帮助甚微，对应选项 A。
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32
Which of the following is true of the California measure?
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
题目问的是关于加州这项措施（即要求私营公司董事会性别配额的法律）的正确描述。
- A 项：文中并未提及该措施是否激怒了私营企业主，因此无法判断。
- B 项：文中提到美国最高法院对基于性别的分类持否定态度，除非是为了解决“重要”政策利益，因此“受到最高法院欢迎”与原文相反。
- C 项：文中明确提到，加州州长杰里·布朗在签署该法案时承认，这项法律可能违宪（“probably unconstitutional”），并且由于该法律适用于所有董事会，即使没有先前歧视历史，法院很可能裁定其违反宪法中的“平等保护”原则。因此 C 项正确。
- D 项：文中未提及该措施会解决先前的争议，反而暗示它可能引发宪法争议。
答案：C
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33
The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
查看答案与解析
正确答案：D
正确答案：D解析：
题干定位
题目问作者引用 Catalyst 的研究是为了说明什么。原文中 Catalyst 的研究出现在第七段：
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference, According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
上下文逻辑
在 Catalyst 研究之前，作者在第六段提出质疑：
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
紧接着用 Catalyst 的数据说明：在没有政府强制的情况下，女性在董事会的比例已经在显著增长。
因此，作者引用该研究是为了论证政府干预是不必要的。
选项分析
- A：研究未涉及“董事会任意决策的危害”，无关。
- B：宪法保障的重要性虽然在前面提到过，但不是 Catalyst 研究要说明的内容。
- C：研究说的是女性比例上升，不是她们在跨国公司中的压力。
- D：不需要政府干预——与原文论证意图一致。
答案：D
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34
Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
- 题目问的是挪威实施全国性企业性别配额的结果。
- 原文在提到挪威时写道：
Requiring companies to abandon the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
意思是：强制公司放弃董事会成员的主要资质要求，会导致私营部门董事会经验不足，而这正是挪威发生的情况。
- 后面又补充说明：
increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women … has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
意思是：在没有增加合格女性人才库的情况下增加董事会席位，导致少数精英女性身兼多个董事会席位，即“金裙子”现象。
- 综合来看，挪威的配额制导致一些资质不足的女性进入董事会，因为符合条件的人不够，只能让同一批精英女性兼任多个职位，而她们未必在所有董事会都具备足够的专业经验。
因此正确选项是 C：the entry of unqualified candidates into the board（不合格的候选人进入董事会）。
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35
Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
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正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目要求从文章中推断出正确选项。
1. 文章主旨分析
文章主要讨论了政府通过强制性别配额（如要求公司董事会中女性占一定比例）来促进性别平等的政策。作者认为这类政策往往是“表面功夫”（virtue-signaling），实际上只惠及少数精英女性，对普通女性帮助不大，并且可能违反宪法中的“平等保护”原则，还会导致董事会成员经验不足等问题。
2. 各选项分析
A. 女性的就业需求应被考虑
文章并没有否认女性就业需求，而是批评强制配额的做法效果不佳且可能违宪，因此 A 不是文章主要推论。
B. 可行性应成为政策制定的首要考虑
文章多次暗示或明示这类配额政策不切实际：
- 加州州长承认该法律可能违宪；
- 最高法院对基于性别的分类持否定态度；
- 强制配额导致合格女性不足，出现“金裙子”现象（同一批精英女性占据多个董事席位）；
- 没有政府强制时，女性董事比例也在自然增长。
这些都在暗示政策制定应考虑实际可行性和副作用，因此 B 是合理推论。
C. 每个人都应努力促进社会正义
文章没有呼吁每个人都去促进社会正义，而是对当前这种强制配额政策提出批评，因此 C 不符合。
D. 主要社会问题应成为立法重点
文章没有讨论立法应聚焦于主要社会问题，而是讨论这种具体立法（性别配额）的负面效果，因此 D 不准确。
3. 结论
文章通过法律、实施效果、宪法风险等角度，指出这类性别配额政策缺乏可行性，因此可以合理推断作者认为政策制定应更注重可行性，故选 B。
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Text 4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “GAFA tax,” meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measur, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital srvces tais at f ra muoh arertrer,. wih cuntris over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britin’s DPT (diverted profits tax).
Australia’s MAAL(mulinationalantiavoidance law),andIndia’ SEP (significant economic presence) test,to name but a few.At the same time, the European Union. Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated igial serics acs.
These uniaeral developments diffe n heir spefics, u they ar aldigned to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current cconomy.
In response to these many unilateral measures,the Organization for Economi Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currenly working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020on an intermational solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France’s planned ax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companics will ace a cascade of different taxes fom dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36
The French Senate has passed a bill to
查看答案与解析
正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
题干定位
题目问“法国参议院通过了一项法案，目的是……”，对应文章第一段第一句：
the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.
关键信息提取
- 该税种是 digital services tax（数字服务税）。
- 征收对象是 large multinationals（大型跨国公司），特别是提供数字服务的公司。
- 文章后面明确提到主要针对 Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon 等美国科技巨头，即 tech multinationals。
选项分析
- A. regulate digital services platforms（监管数字服务平台）—— 文中未强调“监管”，而是“征税”。
- B. protect French companies interests（保护法国公司利益）—— 文中未直接说明此目的，虽然可能是间接效果，但不是法案直接内容。
- C. impose a levy on tech multinationals（对科技跨国公司征税）—— 与原文“impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals”及“GAFA tax”对应一致。
- D. curb the influence of advertising（限制广告影响）—— 广告只是数字服务的一种，不是主要目的。
结论
根据第一段内容，该法案的核心是对提供数字服务的科技跨国公司征税，因此正确答案是 C。
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37
It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
查看答案与解析
正确答案：A
正确答案：A解析：
第2段原文关键信息：
But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
A 选项：may trigger countermeasures against France（可能引发针对法国的反制措施）
对应原文“could lead to trade sanctions against France”，即美国可能采取贸易制裁，属于对法国的反制措施，因此 A 正确。
B 选项：is apt to rouse criticism at home and abroad（容易引起国内外批评）
原文只提到引起争议（sparked significant controversy）和美国调查，未明确提到法国国内批评，因此“国内外”批评属于过度推断。
C 选项：aims to ease international trade tensions（旨在缓解国际贸易紧张局势）
原文未提及此目的，反而该税可能加剧贸易紧张。
D 选项：will prompt the tech giants to quit France（将促使科技巨头退出法国）
原文未提及科技公司会退出法国。
因此，正确选项是 A。
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38
The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B解析：
题目问的是：采取单边措施的国家共同持有的观点是什么？
定位关键段落：
文章第四段提到：
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
理解核心观点：
这些国家认为，国际税收制度未能跟上当前经济的发展，也就是说，现行国际税收制度需要更新。
选项分析：
- A. redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
文中并未强调“必须确保科技巨头收入的再分配”，而是强调税收制度应适应数字经济。 - B. the current international tax system needs upgrading
与原文“failed to keep up with the current economy”对应，即现行制度需要更新。 - C. tech multinationals monopoly should be prevented
文中未提及“防止科技跨国公司垄断”。 - D. all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
文中未强调“所有国家应享有平等的征税权”，而是强调各国认为有权对在其境内产生收入的跨国企业征税。
结论：
正确答案是 B，即这些国家共同认为现行国际税收制度需要升级。
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39
It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO’s current work
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正确答案：C
正确答案：C解析：
- 定位段落：题目要求从第 5 段（即最后一段）获取信息。该段原文为：
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
关键信息提取：
- OECD 正在与 131 个国家合作，计划在 2020 年底前达成国际税收解决方案。
- 法国和美国都参与了这一工作。
- 但是，法国单方面征收数字服务税以及美国的反应（调查、可能的贸易制裁）引发了对国际税收体系未来的疑问（raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system）。
逻辑对应选项：
- A 项“正遭到美国公司抵制”：段落未提及美国公司的直接抵制，而是美国政府采取行动。
- B 项“需要立即调整”：段落未直接说明需要立即调整，而是暗示进程可能受阻。
- C 项“面临不确定的前景”：与“raise questions about what the future holds”对应，表明 OECD 的工作因法美之间的摩擦而前景不明。
- D 项“需要更多国家参与”：段落提到已有 131 个国家参与，未强调需要更多国家。
结论：C 项准确概括了第 5 段关于 OECD 工作前景不确定的核心信息。
答案：C
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40
Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
查看答案与解析
正确答案：B
正确答案：B好的，我们来一步步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨概括
- 第一段：法国参议院通过数字服务税，主要针对提供数字服务的美国大型跨国公司（GAFA）。
- 第二段：该税已引发美国反对，可能导致贸易制裁。
- 第三、四段：法国的做法并非孤立，而是近年来多国单边行动的一部分，因为现行国际税收制度未能适应数字经济。
- 第五段：OECD 正在推动 2020 年底前达成国际共识，但法国的行动和美国反应显示未来国际税收体系存在不确定性。
- 第六段：法国的做法是一个警告——如果国际税改无法达成共识，其他国家可能效仿，对美国公司造成负担。
文章核心是：法国率先开征数字服务税，并可能引领其他国家跟进，以此倒逼国际税收制度改革。
2. 选项分析
A. France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
贸易制裁只在第二段提到，是美国的可能反应，不是全文核心，排除。
B. France leads the charge on Digital Tax
“leads the charge” 意为带头、率先行动。文中法国率先立法，并可能引发其他国家效仿，符合这一描述。且全文围绕法国这一举措的背景、影响和全球意义展开，因此 B 项能概括主旨。
C. France Says ‘NO’ to Tech Multinationals
法国征税确实针对这些公司，但文章重点不是“拒绝”它们，而是改革国际税收规则，C 项过于片面且情绪化，排除。
D. France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
法国确实想在国际税收规则中争取权利，但“demands a role” 不够准确，文章更强调法国是“率先行动并推动全球改革”，排除。
3. 结论
最佳标题应抓住“法国率先推出数字税，可能引领全球趋势”这一核心，因此 B 最合适。
最终答案：B
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Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A] Eye fixations are brief.
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude.
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal.
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact.
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated.
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers.
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility, Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
(41) _______
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
(42) _______
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
(43) _______
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
(44) _______
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
(45) _______
In people who scored high on a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
查看答案与解析
(41) 答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
解析：
- 本段第三句指出，友好的眼神交流“can be a complimentary sign of paying attention”，表明其具有积极、赞赏的社交含义。
- 段末进一步强调，“Eye contact and smile”可以传递“availability and confidence”，这都属于友好、积极的社交信号。
- 整段内容与选项 C “眼神接触可以是一种友好的社交信号”的核心观点完全一致。
(42) 答案：E. Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
解析：
- 本段开篇即提及“hormone oxytocin”（激素催产素）对男性眼神接触的影响，直接涉及生物因素。
- 后续提到对“high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms”（具有某些自闭症谱系症状的高功能男性）的研究，这同样属于生物学和神经科学范畴。
- 段尾明确指出，研究人员正在利用先进的脑部扫描技术探索特定大脑区域对直接凝视的反应，这直接对应选项 E 中“生物因素正在被研究”的表述。
(43) 答案：G. Eye contact can also be aggressive
解析：
- 本段首句指出，眼神接触传递的信息“depending on the situation”（依情况而定）。
- 关键信息在第二句：在“adversarial situations”（对抗性情境）中，眼神接触更可能与“dominance or intimidation”（支配或恐吓）相关联。
- “dominance or intimidation”所描述的正是带有攻击性（aggressive）的行为，这与选项 G “眼神接触也可能是带有攻击性的” 含义完全吻合。
(44) 答案：A. Eye fixations are brief
解析：
- 本段核心在描述眼睛注视的机制。首句提到目光会“pause on one spot at a time”（一次停留在一个点上）。
- 关键证据在第二句：“These pauses typically occur at about three per second”（这些停留通常每秒发生三次）。每秒三次的停留频率，充分证明了每次注视（fixation）的持续时间非常短暂（brief）。
- 因此，本段主旨与选项 A “眼睛的注视是短暂的” 直接对应。
(45) 答案：D. Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
解析：
- 本段首句明确指出，在“neuroticism”（神经质）这一人格维度上得分高的人，对眼神接触会产生更多与回避相关的活动。这直接点明了人格特质对眼神接触反应的影响。
- 后续引用研究结论强调：“people do not only feel different… but that their brain reactions also differ”（人们不仅感觉不同，他们的大脑反应也不同），这进一步印证了人格差异导致的不同反应。
- 最后一句提供了更具体的发现：具有高焦虑等负面情绪的人注视他人时间更短，且在他人的非直接注视下感觉更舒适。这再次强化了人格因素是关键变量的观点。
- 综上所述，本段内容与选项 D “人格会影响一个人对眼神接触的反应” 高度契合。
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as’ the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46)
With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47)
Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
(48)
Despite attempts by the Church to strong - arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people—including the Church—could no longer ignore.
It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long - standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. (49)
As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world.
The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50)
Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase’s ‘Sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’,
after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
查看答案与解析
46. With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people—including the Church—could no longer ignore.
49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.
50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘Sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about 100 words.
Write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice.(10 points)
查看答案与解析
范文
Notice
To all international students,
On behalf of the Student Union, we are pleased to announce an upcoming singing contest to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The details are as follows.
All international students, from freshmen to seniors, are welcome to participate. Contestants may perform songs in either Chinese or other languages. If you wish to take part, please register at the Student Union office. Please note that registration is free of charge.
We look forward to your enthusiastic participation.
Best wishes,
The Student Union
解析
一、格式与结构分析
- 标题：明确使用“Notice”作为标题，符合书面通知的规范。
- 称呼：直接面向“all international students”，定位清晰。
- 正文结构：
- 开头说明活动背景及目的；
- 主体分点介绍参赛对象、曲目要求、报名方式及费用；
- 结尾表达期待与祝福。
- 落款：以“The Student Union”替代个人署名，符合题目要求。
二、内容要点
- 活动目的：庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年。
- 参赛对象：全体国际学生（本科各年级）。
- 曲目要求：中英文歌曲均可。
- 报名方式：学生会办公室现场报名，无需费用。
- 语言风格：正式得体，兼顾亲和力。
三、语言亮点
- 使用“on behalf of”“pleased to announce”等正式表达。
- 被动语态（“are allowed to sign up”）增强客观性。
- 条件句（“if you are willing to…”）体现礼貌邀请。
四、改进建议
- 可补充具体时间、地点使信息更完整。
- “the foundation of PRC”改为“the founding of the People’s Republic of China”更规范。
- 分段可更明确，如用项目符号列举要点。
总结
本文格式规范、内容完整，符合通知类文体要求，通过简洁语言有效传递关键信息，稍作细节调整即可更趋完善。
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 Points)
图中还有两幅漫画，左侧漫画人物说“尽早完成才放心” ，右侧漫画人物说“不到最后不动手” ，下方文字为“习惯” 。
查看答案与解析
【参考范文】
The illustration presents a thought-provoking contrast between two students. On the left, a girl remarks, “Only finishing early puts my mind at ease,” while diligently completing her assignments. In stark contrast, the boy on the right claims, “I won’t start until the last minute,” appearing relaxed and unconcerned. The caption below simply reads: “Habit.”
This picture conveys a profound message about the power of habits in shaping our lives. It highlights how the routines we cultivate—such as proactive planning versus chronic procrastination—can lead to vastly different outcomes. Good habits, like the girl’s early completion of tasks, not only reduce stress but also build self-discipline and efficiency. Conversely, the boy’s last-minute approach may lead to anxiety, rushed work, and underperformance.
In my view, developing positive habits is essential for personal and professional success. While it requires consistent effort and self-awareness, the long-term benefits—such as better time management, increased reliability, and inner calm—are invaluable. Schools and families should therefore emphasize habit formation from an early age, guiding young people to recognize that small, daily routines ultimately define the direction and quality of their lives.
你提供的这篇范文是一篇非常标准的考研英语（一）图画作文高分范例。以下是对这篇范文的详细说明和分析，旨在帮助你深入理解其优点并掌握写作方法。
【结构分析】
范文严格按照题目要求，采用了经典的三段式结构：
- 第一段（描述图画 Brief Description）: 开篇直接点明图画的核心是对比（contrast）。然后用一句话分别描述了左右两幅漫画的人物、语言和状态，语言精炼，抓住了“尽早完成”和“拖延”的核心冲突。最后点出标题“习惯”，完成描述任务。
- 第二段（阐释寓意 Interpret the Meaning）: 本段是论述的核心。第一句直接点明图画的深层寓意——习惯塑造人生的力量。第二句具体展开，指出“积极主动”和“慢性拖延”这两种习惯会导致截然不同的结果。第三、四句则分别论述两种习惯带来的具体影响（好处与坏处），使论证非常充实。
- 第三段（给出评论 Give Your Comments）: 这一段是个人观点的延伸。首先直接表明立场（In my view），强调养成好习惯的重要性。然后客观地指出养成好习惯需要付出努力，并列举其长期价值。最后提出建议，将话题升华到教育和家庭层面，体现了思维的深度和广度。
【范文亮点详解】
- 逻辑清晰，结构严谨： 文章遵循“描述-阐释-评论”的流程，每段对应一个指令，无缝衔接，让阅卷老师一目了然。
- 语言准确且富有变化：
- 开篇： “presents a thought-provoking contrast” （呈现了一个发人深省的对比），比直接说“There are two pictures”要高级得多。
- 词汇： 使用了同义替换，如 “proactive planning” （主动规划）与 “chronic procrastination” （慢性拖延）形成对比；“self-discipline” （自律）、“efficiency” （效率）、“reliability” （可靠）等词汇准确且丰富。
- 句式： 交替使用简单句和复合句（如由
not only... but also..., While... 引导的句子），体现了对英语句式的熟练驾驭能力。
- 论述深刻，立意升华： 文章没有停留在“不要拖延”的表面说教，而是上升到“习惯决定人生质量和方向”的高度。最后一句“small, daily routines ultimately define the direction and quality of their lives” （微小的日常习惯最终定义了他们人生的方向和质量）是全文的点睛之笔，极具哲理，容易获得高分。