2015 年真题

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Text

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is $\underline{1}$ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has $\underline{2}$ .

The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted $\underline{3}$ 1932 unique subjects which $\underline{4}$ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both $\underline{5}$ .

While 1% may seem $\underline{6}$ , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even $\underline{7}$ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who $\underline{8}$ our kin.”

The team $\underline{9}$ developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. $\underline{10}$ , as the team suggests, it draws us $\underline{11}$ similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that $\underline{12}$ us in choosing genetically similar friends $\underline{13}$ “functional kinship” of being friends with $\underline{14}$ !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving $\underline{15}$ than other genes. Studying this could help $\underline{16}$ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major $\underline{17}$ factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate people’s $\underline{18}$ to befriend those of similar et $\underline{19}$ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to $\underline{20}$ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

Text4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.

In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

Text4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.

In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

Text4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.

In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

Text4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.

In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence

The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

阅读理解

Part A

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.

Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles

Which of the following is the best title of the text?

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to

In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that

Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

Text3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that

The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

Text4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.

In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence

The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?