2014 年真题

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember $\underline{1}$ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain $\underline{2}$ , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” $\underline{3}$ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{4}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{5}$ .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It $\underline{6}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental $\underline{7}$ can significantly improve our basic cognitive $\underline{8}$ . Thinking is essentially a $\underline{9}$ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to $\underline{10}$ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. $\underline{11}$ , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate $\underline{12}$ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step $\underline{13}$ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental $\underline{14}$ .

The Web-based program $\underline{15}$ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps $\underline{16}$ of your progress and provides detailed feedback $\underline{17}$ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it $\underline{18}$ modifies and enhances the games you play to $\underline{19}$ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) $\underline{20}$ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.

According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests _____.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.

According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests _____.

The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are _____.

阅读理解

Part A

Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osbome’s scheme was intended to

The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?

According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt

In ths tex,th tor an siusss

Text 3

The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.

The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The author believed that the new awards are

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.

According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests _____.

The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are _____.

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?